Key words: Adolescent, mall-based sex workers, health risks

INTRODUCTION

Prostitution is a global issue especially in third world countries such as the Philippines. It has become a major part of the informal economic sector, a service industry to put it euphemistically.¹

In Asia alone, an estimate of about one million children under the age of 16 is engaged in sex work. The Philippines has 60,000-70,000 sex workers under the age of 18 (DSWD, 1991).² The Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey in 1994 by University of the Philippines Population Institute, had a rough estimate of 1.4% Filipino male adolescents (aged 15-24) who are active in sex trade.³ In spite of the fact that Filipinos are advocates of morality, observant of child's rights and with governing laws protecting our young people against prostitution, still a significant number of sex workers are roaming around the country.

Much studies has been conducted on sex workers in this era of HIV/AIDS because they are the one who are more vulnerable in terms of risk-taking behaviors. Studies and programs were mostly geared towards female sex workers, mainly because they are the one identified to the term "sex worker." Because of this stigma, male commercial sex workers seem to be taken aside and universally ignored. Unknowingly, they also contribute to the vulnerability of their female or male sex partners. They are at a higher risk at the same time because time because of certain expectations of "masculine behavior."

Awareness of male sex work in the Philippines comes only in partial information from media coverage, in prints as well as on television. Unfortunately, academic works about male sex workers has been sparse.^1 4 Thus, this study has been undertaken as an attempt to understand its nature.

OBJECTIVES

General Objectives: To determine the profile of shopping mall-based adolescent sex workers in identified cities in Metro Manila.

Specific Objectives:

1. To determine the socio-demographic features of shopping mall based male adolescent sex workers.
2. To determine the psychosocial and economic variables that lead adolescent males to engage in sex workers.
3. To identify health-seeking behavior patterns among male adolescent sex workers.
4. To know the psychological effect of sex work to them.

Definition of Terms

Male adolescent sex workers -male, aged 10-21 years, who exchanges sexual services for money to people ^5 6

Homosexual - men, whose sexual preference are men⁷

Bisexual - men, whose sexual preference are both men and women⁷

Transgender - male homosexual or heterosexuals who cross dress and acts like a woman. Known usually as "bakla" to sex trade¹

Shopping mall-based sex worker - a sex worker who ply his trade in shopping malls and who exchanges sexual services for money.

Bar-based sex worker - a sex worker who works in a club, sauna, massage parlors, who provides sexual services aside from the usual services offered by the establishment.¹

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This is a descriptive study involving 104 mall-based male adolescent sex workers in Metro Manila. Mean, median, mode, percentages and chi-square were used to describe the data.

Selection of Shopping Malls in Metro Manila

An informal preliminary survey was conducted to male sex workers both establishment-based and freelancers, Remedios AIDS Foundation peer educators, female sex workers as well as clients of male sex workers on Oct 1-10, 2000. This was done in order to identify shopping malls frequented by mall-based male sex workers in Metro Manila. Based on this survey, there were 12 shopping malls identified. The top 6 shopping malls frequented by male sex workers were them conveniently chosen as those to be surveyed in this study. This was set in a 50% prevalence rate. These shopping malls were; shopping mall A in Manila, shopping mall B in Pasay, shopping mall C in Caloocan, shopping mall D and shopping mall E in Cubao, Quezon City and shopping mall F in Quezon City.

Selection of Subjects in the Shopping Malls

A) Sample Size

There are no available data as to the number of shopping mall-based sex workers in the Philippines as well as in Metro Manila. However, based on the latest population census (1995) conducted by the National Census and Statistics Office, there are 1,095,413 Filipino male adolescents aged 10-21 years in National Capital Region (NCR).9 According to Young Fertility and Sexuality Survey -part II study, there are a total of 1.4% male adolescent males involved in the sex trade. With these data, a 50% prevalence rate was estimated. A sample sex of 48 was considered to be significant.

Due to undetermined number of male sex workers who frequented a specific shopping mall, each respondent was also asked to assess or estimate the number of sex workers who frequented the same shopping mall. The following were their rough estimates per shopping mall.

Shopping mall A=75-100 male sex workers
Shopping mall B=40-50 males sex workers
Shopping mall C=40 male sex workers
Shopping mall D=35-40 male sex workers
Shopping mall E=20-30 males sex workers
Shopping mall F= less than 20 male sex workers

Based on the above rough estimates, the number of samples to be included in the study was computed per shopping mall.

B) Sampling

The study used the convenient and purposive sampling to recruit subjects to be included in the study. Three approaches were used to get respondents.

1. Remedios AIDS Foundation Inc. (and NGO) peer educators who had worked with the sex workers in the shopping malls mentioned were the one who asked the sex worker to be interviewed.
2. Remedios AIDS Foundation peer educators disguised as clients, once the respondent self-identify as sex worker, he was then requested to be included in the study.
3. Through the referral of the shopping mall-based adolescent male sex workers already included in the study.

There were 104 subjects who were recruited based on the following criteria:

1. Male adolescent sex worker, aged 10-21 years
2. Currently working as shopping mall-based sex worker in identified shopping malls in Metro Manila for at least 2 weeks.
3. Shopping mall-based male adolescent sex worker who was present in the shopping mall during the conduct of the survey.
4. Sex work is his full or part time job
5. Capable of comprehending the questions that will be asked.

Methods:

Informed consent was secured from each respondent prior to the interview. A multiple choice, anonymous questionnaire was administered to shopping mall-based male adolescent sex workers in Metro Manila from October 20 to November 12, 2000. The questionnaire in Filipino was pre-tested to Remedios AIDS Foundation peer educators, female adolescent sex worker s and previous male adolescent sex workers prior to its use. Socio-demographic profile, cause, forms and nature of sex work, behavioral pattern, health assessment and treatment utilization as well as psychological evaluation through Beck's depression scale was obtained through a 15-20 minute confidential, face to face semi-structured interview by the primary investigator through a questionnaire.

RESULTS

One hundred six shopping mall-based male adolescent sex workers were initially included in the study. There two were dropouts, one was under the influence of drugs, the other decided to terminate the interview for personal reasons. Therefore only 104 samples then were included in the study.

Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Age and Sexual Preference
Age Group	Heterosexual		Homosexual		Bisexual		Confused Identity		Total
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
10-13	1	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
14-16	7	37	1	5.2	2	10.5	9	47.3	19	18
17-21	43	51.2	3	3.6	12	14.2	26	31	84	81
Total	51	49	4	3.8	14	13.5	35	33.6	104	100

The age of the respondents ranges from 13-21 years with a mean age of 18.50 (SD±2.02). Majority (84 04 81%) belongs to the late adolescent stage (aged 17-21). There were 51 (49%) respondents whose who self identify as heterosexuals, 4 (3.8%) as homosexuals, 14 (13.5%) as bisexuals while 35 (33.6%) were confused or undecided with his sexual preference.

Figure 1: Percentage Distribution by Civil Status of Respondents

Eighty percent of the respondents were single, 10% had live-in partners, while 7% were married. Of those married, 42% reported having 1-2 children. One had a child out of wedlock. Those who had live in partners had none.

Figure 2: Percentage Distribution by Religion of Respondents

Majority were Roman Catholics (84%).

Table II: Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Socio-demographic Features
Characteristics	No.	Percentage
School attendant
Out of school	27	74
In school	77	26
Elementary	12	16.8
High school	60	57.7
College under grad	29	27.9
College graduate	1	1.0
Vocational graduate	2	1.9
Place of Origin
Region NCR	20	19.2
II	10	9.6
III	13	12.5
IV	5	4.8
V	6	5.7
VI	8	7.6
VII	3	2.9
VIII	25	24
IX	5	4.8
X	5	4.8
XII	3	2.9
Residence
Manila	65	62
Quezon City	19	18.4
Caloocan City	15	14.4
Pasay City	3	3
Makati City	1	1
Parañaque	1	1
Pasig	1	1

This table presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. More than half of the respondents were out of school youth (74%). The reasons for stopping are primarily due to financial difficulties (25%) and peer influence (22%). Majority were in high school (57.7%) while 27.9% were in college level (27.9%). Of these, 21.2% were studying in universities, 63.3% are in public elementary and high schools and 12.5% in private schools. Most of them were migrants from different provinces, most from Region VIII (24%). Sixty two percent are currently residing in Manila, 18.4% in Quezon City, 14.4% in Caloocan City and 3% in Pasay City. Others were from Makati, Parañaque and Pasig.

A small proportion (16 or 15.3%) were reported to be run aways. Twenty-one percent of the respondents were prohibited drug users. All except one uses (21 or 95.4%) methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu). On the other hand 27% were smokers whole only few indulge in alcoholic beverages (7.7%).

Almost half (51 or 49%) of the respondents had a history of child abuse, majority were abused verbally (26 or 51%) while 17 or 33.3% were physically abused. The rest were molested (6 or 11.7%) by relatives and neighbors. One admitted that he was forced by a transgender neighbor to have oral sex when he was 8 years old.

FAMILY DYNAMICS

More than half (75% or 78) were raised by their parents and the rest (17%) by their relatives. Forty-four percent belong to a happy and intact family while 30% came from broken families. AS to the birth order, 40.4% were middle born, 36.5% were first born and 19.2% were the youngest in the family. The family size is mostly (48%) composed of 4-5 children. The family income ranges from 2,500 to more than 20,000 pesos per month. The average family income ranges 10,000 - 12,000 pesos per month. The father usually (49 or 47.1%) stood as the breadwinner of the family. Mothers were mostly housewives (54%) while fathers engaged in skilled work (26.9%) while some were professionals (21.2%) namely, businessmen, accountant, physician, policemen and teachers.

NATURE OF WORK

The respondents entered the sex industry voluntarily (72 or 69.2%) at mean age of 18.48 years (SD±2.08). The oldest was 21 years old and the youngest was 13 years old. The usual cited reasons for entry were financial (40%), in order either to support one's vices and luxuries (65%), while others purchase prohibited drugs, cigarette and alcoholic beverages (37%). Other reasons mentioned, were to support ones schooling (35%), to support the family (30%) and to support one's-self, for run aways (15.3%). A large percentage (25%) aside from financial reason, entered the trade because of influence by friends, who is like themselves, also worked as sex workers.

Majority were (42%) new in the trade, mostly less than a year. Three fourths of the respondents (79%) were freelance sex workers, although a smaller percentage, 23.1% (24) were both freelancer and bar-based sex workers. Sex work to more than half of them (85.6%) in their part time job. Aside from shopping malls other frequented places where they ply their trade were the streets (60 or 57.7%), parks (32, 30.8%), theaters (31 or 29.8%) and bars (14, 13.5%).

Most of them (64 or 61.5%) work for 3-6 hours a day, with a frequency of 2-3 day in a week (46 or 44.2%). They use to have 2-3 clients per day (44 or 42.3%) with an average earning per client of 500-750 pesos (53,51%). However, some (3.8%) earned as low as 100 pesos to as much as more than 3,000 pesos per client (1%). Almost all of the respondents (98.1%) were not being pimped. Seventy-six percent have a "benefactor ", who gave them financial support on a regular basis. Majority of the clients are male homosexuals (38%), followed by transgenders (10.3%), then by Chinese widows (4 or 3.8%). Those who do not have a "benefactor" (79 or 76%) longed to have one for a regular financial support (61%).

Nearly all perceived their work as risky (90.4%), in terms of contacting sexually transmitted diseases (85.6%), few (4.8%) were afraid of being abused or killed by their partners (6.7%). Over 77.9% do not want to stay in the trade for self respect (35.6%) and health reasons (20, 19.2%). More than two thirds (89 or 85.6%) of the respondents did not disclose the nature of their work to their families and relatives.

When asked if they consider themselves as sex workers, 58.7% (61) refused to admit or denied to be regarded as such, because to them, this is not true sex work, 29.8% (31) believed that full-timers should only be called as such, 25% cited that, they do sex work out of fun ("gimmick" as they often call) with their friends, while 3.8% mentioned that they were merely passive partners rather than active partners thus, not a sex worker but rather a sex partner.

Table III: Frequency Distribution of Clients by Sexual Identity for the Past 1 week of the respondents
Sexual identity of clients	Number	Percentage
Homosexual	135	43.3
Bisexual	45	14
Transgender	42	13.8
Female	9	3
Total	231	100

The clients of the respondents for the past week prior to interview were mostly transgender (43.4%), male bisexuals (14%), male homosexuals (13.8%) and female as well as (3%). Most of their male clients were 21-30 years old (9,6.3%) and a sold as more than 70 years old (1 or 0.7%). Of their female clients, 34% were widows, mostly 41-50 years old (36.8%) Chinese usually, 20.2% were old maids aged 31-40 years old (50%) and the rest, 13.8% were female sex workers from Japan.

Majority of their clients were Filipinos (6.2%). The Americans (31.7%) outnumbered the Chinese (22.1%). There were some Taiwanese (5.8%), Arabs (3.8%), Italian (2.95), Indian (1%) and German (1%).

SEXUALITY AND GENDER IDENTITY

Majority (80%) of the respondents had their first sexual encounter prior to their entry in sex industry. Most had it at 14 to 16 years old, with a mean age of 15.23 (SD 2.01). Almost half (55 or 52.8%) had it with the opposite sex, usually with their girl friends, while a number experienced it with bisexuals (4 or 3.9%) and a large proportion had it with the transgender (31 or 305). For those who had it with a transgender, 38% chose to be heterosexual, 32% were undecided of their gender preferences while 9.6% became homosexuals.

Most of the respondents claimed that they were heterosexuals (67 or 64.4%) before they engaged in sex trade. Out of these, 10 (14.9%) changed their gender preference to bisexuals 92 or 3%) while other were confused as to their sexual preferences (8 or 11.9%). Of those who retained their sexual identity as heterosexuals (57 or 85%), 16.4% or 10 became undecided or confused with their present sexual preference.

On the other hand, those respondents (16 or 15.3%) who claimed that they changed their sexual preference after being a sex worker; 18.75% of those who previously had confused identity became homosexuals, while 12.5% preferred to be bisexuals to heterosexual to heterosexual (6.2%).

Moreover, the length or duration of sex work was not significantly associated with the respondents' sexual preference based on chi-square test

The common sexual activities performed by the respondents with their partner were oral sex (30.7%), mostly as passive partners (96, 87.2%), followed by vaginal intercourse (88, 30.9%) and anal sex (86, 30.2%) as active partner (55, 64%). A small number engaged themselves in group sex (11, 4%). As to the type of sexual activity, there was no significant difference if correlated to the respondents' gender and educational attainment.

HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR

The common medical problems encountered by the respondents for the last months were cough and colds (57 or 54.8%), headache (43 or 41%) and fever (17 or 16.3%). Majority (98, 94.2%) did not seek consultation from any health institution, instead resorted to self0medication. Half of the respondents (53 or 50.9%) experienced STD symptoms since the time they entered the sex trade. Majority (38 or 33%) experienced urethral discharge. Other STD symptoms experienced were genital ulcer (7 or 6.7%), dysuria (5 or 4.8%), genital itchiness (4 or 3.8%), and difficulty in swallowing (5, 4.8%). Majority (76 or 73%) did not bother to do anything while 17.3% (32) self medicated with Amoxicillin (7 or 58%), Ciprofloxacin (5 or 41%), Inflox (3 or 23%) or Penicillin (1 o or 8%). Medical advice usually sought from friends, from trade (12 or 66.6%). Sometimes they asked the drug stores for appropriate medicines for their symptoms (5 or 41.6%).

The rest (5 or 9.6%) consulted either a government (2 or 20%0 or private (3 or 30%) hospital, none consulted a social hygiene clinic. The most cited reason for not consulting physicians were mainly due to shame (81, 77.9%); only 2 of the respondents cited financial reasons.

There were an almost equal number of respondents who were condom user (58 or 55.8%) and non-condom user (44 or 42.3%). They either use condom with regular partners (30%), such as wives, girl friends and live in partners, several used with regular clients (2.9%). Nationality of client matters to them, 14% use condom with foreign nationals, specifically Americans. Sexual activity is also considered a factor; anal active (30 or 28.8%) was the most frequent sexual activity where condom was used.

On the other hand, the respondents themselves (32%) or the clients (45%) or both of them (62%) refuse to use condom. Reason cited were; not comfortable using it (18%), were unavailable at the time of sexual activity (15%), lessens sexual pleasure, on part of the client (44%) and not using condom requires a higher payment (23%).

The use of condom was not significantly associated with educational level no with gender identity but related to sexual identity, specifically anal active.

None of the respondents admitted the use of prohibited drugs before and during sexual activity, although there were 2 respondents who confessed on using methamphetamines, for reason of not wanting to be reminded of work. Also, a small proportion (16 or 16.3%) drink alcoholic beverages before engaging in sex work for the same reason.

With regards to HIV/AIDS awareness, almost all (91 or 87.5%) were aware that it can be transmitted sexually. Several admitted that they have been tested for HIV (14 or 13.5%), while majority were not (90 or 86.5%). Most believed that they were symptom-free and healthy (36 or 38%) thus HIV test was for them unnecessary. Almost one third, (32 or 33.6%) were afraid to be tested.

Thus, to protect them from the dreaded STD, practices such as taking a bath (78.8%), drinking antibiotics e.g. Amoxicillin or Penicliin (4.8%) and taking multivitamins (1.9%) were usually done before engaging in sexual activity. A small percentage (15.4%) had no preparation at all. On the other hand, after sex work, many (78.8%) usually takes a bath, some washes their genitals with soap and water (5.8%), others take a capsule of antibiotics such as Amoxicillin and Penicillin (5.8%). A few just wiped their genitals while others did nothing.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT

At the time of interview, many had mild mood disturbance (20%) and were moderately depression (20%). Others were evaluated as having borderline clinical depression (14 or 13.5%), severe depression (4 or 3.8%) and (2 or 1.9%) extreme depression by Becks Depression Inventory Scale.

Incidence and state of depression were not significantly associated with respondents' stage of adolescence, gender identity and length or duration of work.

DISCUSSION

Male sex workers remain a shadow in the Philippine society. To speak of them is to break several taboos. They are frequently seen in recognized bars, clubs and saunas but because of the illicit nature of their work and the stigma against homosexuality, and from being sought after by authorities, men often have to sell sexual services very discretely in strategic areas such as shopping malls.⁷

Male sex workers vary greatly form their female counterparts in some instances.⁷ At the same time, male sex workers differ from one form to another, from one site to another within the same country.¹⁰ Differences can be influenced by age, ethnicity, educational level, gender identity, time or season and the degree of involvement with the trade, whether voluntary or coerced.

Sex work is often seen as a product of economic necessity. In 1979, Stamford wrote that "practically all" adolescent males in the town of Pagsanjan, Laguna were involved in sex work because of poverty.⁴ However, male adolescents in this study did not enter sex work because of poverty but due to the lure of commercialism being "in" and fashionable not to mention the use of illicit drugs. Thus, sex work for survival due to poverty, appears to be not the major factor of entrance into the sex trade in this study.

Filipino female sex workers enter the trade at a younger age, in contrast to males.² However, males have shorter career. Their term is typically finished by the time they are in their early 20' as they are no longer competitive with the new and younger ones. 7 The average duration sex work in this study is 2 years, in contrast to their counter parts in Canada, where the average is five years.⁷

Male sex workers usually earn more than their female counterparts because they can charge more aside from the fact that there is little pimping involved. Based on this study, they usually charge 500-700 pesos per client compared to female who may charge to as low as less than 100 pesos per client.⁷

According to this, the males were mostly in high school and college levels, which is the same as the other male sex worker sin Edmonton, Canada.11 Studies (Tan 1990 and Conaco 1991) in the Philippines however, showed that sex workers usually have low educational attainment.

In Montreal, Canada, male sex workers tend to participate in a greater variety of sexual acts regardless of their sexual orientation.⁷ Their sexual activities included active fellatio (64%), passive fellatio (12%), anal sex (5%) and vaginal sex (12%).⁷ This was also reported in Brazil13 and were also evident in this study.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999, there is a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection among sex workers, with prevalence rates of more than 40%.¹¹ In one study in Toronto, 52% of males sex workers had contracted STD since they began to participate in sex work. Of these, 84% had sought treatment. Overall, 66% said they regularly access health care, regardless of suspected STD infection.⁷ In contrast, 50.9% of the respondents STD symptoms, only 9.6% sought treatment and majority self-medicated. Only a few visited a health provider, mostly in private health institutions. This was also shown in a similar study in Bali, Indonesia were most sex workers visited private health providers rather than government/ public health facilities.¹⁴ Regardless of their presence of a medical problem or suspected STD symptoms, the respondents don't seek consult because they are afraid that their work may be disclose.

In a local study done by Macalalad at UP-PGH STD clinic, the usual chief complaint was urethral discharge, followed by dysuria and genital lesions.²⁴ This was also the most common symptom reported in this study. Males are affected more than female, with a male to female ration of 3:2 as based in the initial draft of the WHO Consensus Report on STI/HIV year 2000. The Behavioral surveillance data in 1997 and 1998 of WHO indicated a high prevalence of HIV/STD risk behaviors one of these is unprotected sex (92%) of men having sex with men (MSM).⁷

Based on these facts, the use of condom therefore is highly recommended. Condom usage differs among subcultures of sex workers. Its use is much lower among freelance sex workers than among those who are establishment or bar-based.¹² The respondents in this study were freelancers, with low percentage of condom usage.

Male sex workers clients are form a highly heterogeneous group, from homosexual, to bisexuals, to transgenders.¹³ A study conducted in British Columbia (1996), reported that clients of male sex workers could be classified into three categories. The first includes closeted men who buy sex from other males to fulfill gay sexual desires. The second group includes men who prefer to have sex with younger males. An the third are men who are unable to attract regular male sex partners, who therefore purchase gay sex instead.¹⁵ The findings in this study confirmed that a large percentage o female clients are men who either homosexuals, bisexuals or transgenders.

On the other hand, there is very little evidence to suggest that females made up a significant number of the clients of males sex workers. The Bradley Committee in Canada, reported that approximately 97% of the clients of sex workers were males, although 62% of the males surveyed had been approached by a female client at least once.7 In this study, a small percentage ere female clients mostly Chinese widows (34%).

Many studies have suggested that younger men who self-identify as homosexuals or bisexuals may be more likely to enter sex work than those who self-identify otherwise. The most important factors appears to be these men may be drawn to sex work as a way of discovering and exploring their sexuality.⁷ To date studies have not yet confirmed this assumption. Moreover, this study showed that 15.3% of the respondents changed their sexual preferences. Whether the sexual orientation of male sex workers is influenced by their, no study have proven nor confirmed such. Further investigation involving a much larger population is encouraged.

Like their female counterparts, male sex workers also have serious psychological trauma as a result of their involvement in sex work. They manifest loneliness, lack of confidence, anger towards self and others as well as psychological imbalance.

CONCLUSION

Not all sex workers are alike and not all sex workers think or act the same way. There is considerable variation in the practices of sex workers and the conditions affecting their lives.

The findings in this study revealed that shopping mall-based male adolescent sex workers did not enter the trade because of poverty but because of vices and peer influence. Majority are sons of educated people and professionals, both from troubled and intact homes. Mostly are migrants from rural areas. Almost if not all their family was uniformed that they are engaged in such activities. To them sex work is just a part time, a fun ("gimmick") to some. Thus, they regard themselves as sex partners rather than sex workers.

Risk taking behaviors are prevalent in this type of sex worker. They indulge in multiple unprotected sexual acts from oral to anal to vaginal and to group sex. Male sex workers are vulnerable in terms o multiple sexual partners form different ages and genders as well as nationalities. Thus many already experienced STD symptoms who resort to self medication as advised by friends in the trade, merely because they are ashamed to divulge the nature of their work, and even in common medical problems, they prefer not to consult a health provider. Thus, non-utilization of health provider further pushes them to a greater risk.

There is a significant number who changed their sexual preferences after being exposed to the lifestyle and values in sex work. When subjected to Becks depression scale, many have signs of psychological imbalance from mild mood disturbance to extreme depression.

RECOMMENDATION

The survey reported the current situation of our male adolescent sex workers. Therefore, the study recommends that programs be established to help and assist the adolescent sex workers to change their lifestyle; that is to organize a step-by-step awareness and advocacy activities of the adolescent's sexuality.

The study also recommends that policies and actions for young people's health and development using a human rights framework be done. It is proposed that youth-friendly clinic projects be established, where our young people can get confidential, free or inexpensive general medical assistance and counseling as well as consultations with pediatricians, psychologists and STD specialists.

Moreover, the study also recommends that a survey be done in other places frequented by adolescent such as parks, theaters and streets, for sex work need to be analyzed on a number of levels. Furthermore, study on male adolescent sex works' sexuality, is highly recommended.

Finally, awareness of the public regarding the existence of continued distortion of our adolescent be emphasized so that everybody would be responsible and accountable towards the rights of adolescent amongst the adult.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX